Federal ministry of economic cooperation and development bmz country. As forests disappear, humanelephant conflict escalates in. Dozens of mechanisms and strategies have been initiated in an effort to reduce and manage humanwildlife conflicts and provide longterm solution to the prevalent resource use. To find out the reasons for humananimal conflict 2. Humantiger panthera tigris conflict and its perception in bardia national park, nepal babur. Depsite the growing coverage of pas in nepal, there is an increasing incidences of parkpeople conflict. A case study on humanwildlife conflict in nepal with particular reference to humanelephant conflict in eastern and western terai regions submitted to species program wwf international submitted by wwf nepal 1 1 report has been prepared by dr rinjin shrestha, phd. A case study of fences around the chitwan national park acknowledgements though only our names appear on the cover of this report, a great many people have contributed to its production. Finding solutions to humanwildlife conflict hwc is one of the complex challenges conservationists and local communities have to contend with for an enduring period. In order to conserve biological diversity including rare and. Humantiger panthera tigris conflict and its perception in. Human wildlife conflict has been in existence for as long as humans and wild animals have shared the same landscapes and resources see below.
To gain a greater understanding of such conflict we examined spatiotemporal patterns, correlates, causes and contexts of conflict in chitwan national park, nepal, and its buffer zone, during 20072014. Research proposal on human wildlife conflict az writing. A case study on humanwildlife conflict in nepal with particular reference to human elephant conflict in eastern and western terai regions submitted to species program wwf international submitted by wwf nepal 1 1 report has been prepared by dr rinjin shrestha, phd. Indias road network is expanding at a monstrous scale due to the expanding economy and. Human tiger conflict is one of the most critical issues in tiger conservation, requiring a focus on effective mitigation measures. When such incidences become a recurring issue, retaliation against the species blamed often ensues, leading to conflict about what should be done to remedy the situation. Conflicts in afghanistan and pakistan have attracted global attention. Protected areas in nepal are disproportionately located at higher altitudes 23. Human wildlife conflict hwc has been highlighted as one of the key obstacles to linking conservation and poverty alleviation pclg 2010. In addition to elephant casualties, more than 10% of the households surveyed have had human casualties injury or death during the past 5 years. The lack of detailed information on the spatial and temporal patterns of human wildlife conflicts at the national level impedes the development of effective conflict mitigation plans. Gilleland a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy department of geography college of arts and sciences university of south florida comajor professor robert brinkmann, ph. A deadly conflict is underway between indias growing masses and its wildlife, confined to evershrinking forests and grasslands, with data showing that about one person has been killed every day. The most basic needsfor both humans and animalsare food, water and shelter.
Protection strategies are implemented when the conflict is certain to happen or has already occurred. There is a need to create an enabling environment for them to address the situation, and to strengthen their capacities in the most efficient and effective manner. Wildlife can pose a direct threat to the safety or livelihood of people, by killing livestock, damaging crops or property, or attacking people. Human wildlife conflict in south nepal himalayan tiger. Humanwildlife conflict does not occur only in africa. Buffer zone, conservation, forest, humanwildlife conflict, resources. Although nepal, with rich biodiversity, is doing well in its conservation efforts, human wildlife conflicts have been a major challenge in recent years. Each location has different problems and contexts, but in all three countries, human lives and economic livelihoods are at stake, as well as the loss of habitat of threatened species. Humanwildlife conflict in east africa africa geographic. Spatial, social, and ecological factors by amanda h. The direct threats are loss and degradation of habitat, poaching and illegal wildlife trade, overexploitation and humanwildlife conflict. Wild elephants attacking people, damaging houses, eating crops.
Humanwildlife conflict management humanwildlife conflict can be managed through a variety of approaches. Oct 18, 2017 asian elephants elephas maximus are an endangered species and humanelephant conflict hec is the major threat to their survival. Humanwildlife conflict across urbanization gradients. In several occasions, creation and management of pas are the breeding ground of conflicts paudel et. Pradhana case study on human wildlife conflict in nepal with particular reference to human elephant conflict in eastern and western terai regions report submitted to wwf nepal program. How do landuse practices affect humanelephant conflict. Status of humanwildlife conflict and assessment of crop damage. Aug 01, 2017 a deadly conflict is underway between indias growing masses and its wildlife, confined to evershrinking forests and grasslands, with data showing that about one person has been killed every day. Various conservation strategies have been employed to limit these impacts, but often they are not adequately monitored and their effectiveness assessed. Lessons learned from awfs african heartlands 2 human wildlife conflict. Humanwildlife conflict mitigation in india commissioned by. Although human wildlife conflicts have been extensively studied at local levels 11 and to some extent in nepal 1416, none of these studies report patterns of human fatalities and injuries caused by wild animals at the national level, with some exceptions in africa 17,18. Natural wildlife territory is overlaps with the humans existence and various forms of humanwildlife conflict occur with various negative results.
Sep 01, 2014 human wildlife conflict is one of the biggest conservation challenges throughout the world. Humanwildlife conflict and coexistence occurs with species that are rare and protected, abundant and considered pests, heavily managed or even domesticated, and occur in diverse ecosystems. Oct 27, 2014 human wildlife conflict is the conflict which occurs between the human being and the representatives of the wildlife. In the high mountains of asia, wwf seeks to reduce humanwildlife conflict through projects like the usaidfunded conservation and adaptation in asias high mountain landscapes and communities fighting for shared resources. Humanwildlife conflict hwc has been highlighted as one of the key obstacles to linking conservation and poverty alleviation pclg 2010. Wwf nepal annual report 2010 page 8 wwf nepal annual report 2010 page 9 conserving species during this period, the status and distribution of tiger and their prey base. Lessons from awfs african heartlands introduction in the developed world potentially dangerous megafauna have largely been exterminated as a result of the. Bhattaraiand klausfischer abstract humanwildlife con.
Biodiversity is fundamental to sustain ecosystem processes, functions and the continued delivery of ecosystem. Department of national parks and wildlife conservation. Humanwildlife conflict is a major conservation challenge although the extents of problems vary across country acharya et al. Humanwildlife conflict, is a growing problem in todays crowded world, and can have significant impacts on both human and wildlife populations. Prevention strategies endeavour to avoid the conflict occurring in the first place and take action towards addressing its root causes. Pdf nepal is exceptionally rich in biodiversity irrespective of its geographical area. Three cases studies are included, in namibia, nepal and indonesia, respectively. The six elements of conflict and integrated hwc management 5 mitigation8 1. Damages from elephants and carnivores involve massive loss of crops, the death or injury of cattle. Nowadays human wildlife conflict exists in one form or another all over the world.
Although this is certainly not a new scenario people and wildlife have co. Tigers killing people, leopards preying on livestock. Humanwildlife conflict is one of the biggest conservation challenges throughout the world. Human interactions with wildlife are a defining experience of human existence. Although nepal, with rich biodiversity, is doing well in its conservation efforts, humanwildlife conflicts have been a major challenge in recent years. With particular reference to humanelephant conflict in eastern and western. Profiling of protected and human wildlife conflicts associated wild.
The direct threats are triggered by uncontrolled mining and extraction, large infrastructures, climate change and other contributing factors. Lessons from awfs african heartlands introduction in the developed world potentially dangerous megafauna have largely been exterminated as a result of the spread of agriculture, growth of human populations and. In the high mountains of asia, wwf seeks to reduce humanwildlife conflict through projects like the usaidfunded conservation and adaptation in asias high mountain landscapes and communities. One example involves restoring degraded biological corridors to facilitate seasonal movement of elephants and other wildlife in the lowland terai region of nepal so that the animals dont need to travel through human habitations and habitat management in protected areas in nepal. The aim of human wildlife conflict management is to by wildlife. Sixteen people were arrested including wildlife sixteen people were arrested, including wildlife trader shabeer hasan qureshi who is an accused in at least four major wildlife cases. Although humanwildlife conflicts have been extensively studied at local levels 11 and to some extent in nepal 1416, none of these studies report patterns of human fatalities and injuries caused by wild animals at the national level, with some exceptions in africa 17,18. Parts of india, sri lanka, and nepal have experienced longrunning conflict. Dozens of mechanisms and strategies have been initiated in an effort to reduce and manage human wildlife conflicts and provide longterm solution to the prevalent resource use. This is the almost daily practice in some part of southern nepal. How do landuse practices affect humanelephant conflict in. Nepals wildlife is threatened by a multitude of factors.
This paper examines peoples experiences with economic compensation for losses due to humanwildlife conflict hwc in uttarakhand, india. Practical mitigation of humanwildlife conflict is critical to the success of conservation in tsavo conservation area tca and wildlife conservation in kenya in general. Humantiger conflict is one of the most critical issues in tiger conservation, requiring a focus on effective mitigation measures. Biodiversity is crucial for enriching the forests including the existing flora and. This study tries to explore the status of humanwildlife conflict hwc within the gaurishankar conservation area gca, nepal.
We assessed the mitigation measures used between 2007 and 2014 in chitwan national park cnp and its buffer zone, which include. Humanwildlife conflict has been in existence for as long as humans and wild animals have shared the same landscapes and resources see below. Humanwildlife conflict occurs when there is close interaction between wild animals and human beings, resulting to injuries, death, predation, transmission of diseases and even human threats. Park people interaction and public perceptions towards. This report deals with the conflicts between wildlife and human development. Patterns of human fatalities and injuries caused by large mammals article pdf available in plos one 119. Although nepal, with rich biodiversity, is doing well in its conservation efforts, humanwildlife conflicts have been a major challenge in recent. Humanwildlife conflict is defined by the world wide fund for nature wwf as any interaction between humans and wildlife that results in negative impacts of human social, economic or cultural life, on the conservation of wildlife populations, or on the environment. In nepal, people are attacked by large mammal species such as elephants.
Humanelephant conflict hec is a significant problem in nepal, with approximately twothirds of households being impacted by elephants elephas maximus, particularly during the winter. Nepal has established different categories of pas and cover 23. The lack of detailed information on the spatial and temporal patterns of humanwildlife conflicts at the national level impedes the development of effective conflict mitigation plans. A case study on human wildlife conflict in nepal with particular reference to human elephant conflict in eastern and western terai regions submitted to species program wwf international submitted by wwf nepal 1 1 report has been prepared by dr rinjin shrestha, phd. Employing a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches, we used a case study approach to investigate 1 socioeconomic characteristics of applicant versus nonapplicant households, 2 explanations for why only some households chose to. The authors advocate a species conservation approach. The creating coexistence workshop at the 5th annual world parks congress 817 september 2003, montreal defined. In particular, q hi i th i d i th j 2000 qureshi is the prime accused in the january 2000 case in khaga, up, when four tiger skins, 70. Finding solutions to human wildlife conflict hwc is one of the complex challenges conservationists and local communities have to contend with for an enduring period. Not surprisingly, much scholarship in the humanwildlife conflict literature has focused on species of conservation concern 2, 29, 30. To do critical study of human wildlife conflict worldwide specifically in africa, asia, and europe 3. Willingness to pay for mitigating humanelephant conflict.
Analysis of human wildlife conflict in buffer zone area. Although humanwildlife conflicts have been extensively studied at. A case study of lelep and yamphudin region, kanchenjunga conservation area, taplejung, nepal. Humanwildlife conflicts are not to be taken lightly in the region, but baboons are far from being the only culprits in these types of conflicts. Human wildlife conflict in india people and wildlife. This type of conflict has always existed in the natural environment, because it is obvious that animals of different species treat the human being as an opponent, threat or a target for hunting. People compete with wildlife for food and resources, and have eradicated dangerous species. Of all large mammals found in nepal, the asian elephant is the most troublesome species and is the source of the most humanwildlife conflict. Willingness to pay for mitigating humanelephant conflict by. This thesis explores gender as a critical yet widely uninvestigated social variable in humanwildlife conflict mitigation for the globally endangered bengal tiger panthera tigris tigris. Humantiger conflict arises when tigers panthera tigris attack people or their livestock, and poses a significant threat to both tigers and people. Mitigation of human wildlife conflict is thus becoming one of the key issues of concern for both wildlife managers and the scientific community. Practical mitigation of human wildlife conflict is critical to the success of conservation in tsavo conservation area tca and wildlife conservation in kenya in general.
Conflict and developmentlessons from south asia ejaz ghani and lakshmi iyer south asia is the second most violent place on earth after iraq. If solutions to conflicts are not adequate, local support for conservation also declines. Recently, electric fencing has been constructed as a means to mitigate human wildlife conflict surrounding many nepalese protected areas. Humanwildlife conflict is the conflict which occurs between the human being and the representatives of the wildlife. Ministry of environment, forests and climate change overall term. Conflict between people and animals is one of the main threats to the continued survival of many species in different parts of the world, and is also a significant threat to local human populatons. A case study of fences around the chitwan national park about icimod the international centre for integrated mountain development, icimod, is a regional knowledge. The aim of humanwildlife conflict management is to by wildlife. Hec causes crop and property loss and occasionally results in the death of both humans and elephants in nepal. The growing human population,deforestation,loss of habitat and decline in their prey species are few major reason behind the human wildlife conflict in india. Can forest fragmentation and configuration work as.
Asian elephants elephas maximus are an endangered species and humanelephant conflict hec is the major threat to their survival. Factors influencing human wildlife conflict in communities. Human wildlife conflict does not occur only in africa. To find out the reasons for human animal conflict 2. Recently, electric fencing has been constructed as a means to mitigate humanwildlife conflict surrounding many nepalese protected areas. This thesis explores gender as a critical yet widely uninvestigated social variable in human wildlife conflict mitigation for the globally endangered bengal tiger panthera tigris tigris. Compensating humanwildlife conflict in protected area. Employing a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches, we used a case study approach to investigate 1 socioeconomic characteristics of applicant versus nonapplicant households, 2 explanations for why only some.
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